2026年1月

Adaptive multimodal swimming gaits in a reconfigurable modular soft robotic fish

Wang, Bo; Li, Lei; Xu, Mengfan; Hu, Nannan; Gao, Wenzhuo; Zhang, Jie; Yin, Bo; Xin, Zhanhua; Yu, Junzhi

Abstract

Fish swim with four main gaits-anguilliform, subcarangiform, carangiform, and thunniform-produced by waves along varying portions of the body. However, how muscle activation length influences swimming performance remains poorly understood. We present a reconfigurable robotic fish that replicates all four gaits in a single platform by rapidly tuning its body stiffness. Vacuum-driven layer jamming muscles in four tensegrity joints enable quick (<= 1 s) stiffness modulation (stiffness ratio of 46.6) and gait switching. In thunniform gait, the robot reaches 1.24 body lengths per second, whereas in anguilliform gait, it achieves agile maneuvering with a turning radius of 0.26 body lengths. Fluid simulations show that the thunniform gait generates stronger vortices and 142% more thrust compared with anguilliform motion at 5 Hz, explaining its high-speed performance. The robot dynamically adapts gaits during locomotion-using thunniform for fast traversal and anguilliform for obstacle negotiation-demonstrating environmental adaptability. This work advances understanding of aquatic multimodal locomotion.

Source

SCIENCE ADVANCES

Volume12Issue1

DOI10.1126/sciadv.aea1299

2026年1月

Self-reconfigurable robotic fish swarms: Collective achievement of diverse locomotion and challenging aquatic tasks

Si, Bowen; Chang, Liyao; Li, Shuai; Ding, Zhenyu; Xie, Guangming

Abstract

Conventional aquatic robots are typically constrained by fixed morphology and single-mode locomotion, limiting adaptability to unstructured environments. Inspired by the diverse fin-driven locomotion strategies of natural fish, we present a self-reconfigurable robotic fish swarm system capable of operating across a wide range of aquatic conditions and tasks. Each robotic fish unit features autonomous physical assembly and disassembly capabilities by electropermanent magnets, enabling both connection and intermodule communication, allowing the swarm to dynamically reconfigure its morphology. Systematic evaluation reveals that swarm configurations substantially outperform individual units in various locomotion performance, including stability, maneuverability, swimming speed, energy efficiency, and multimodal locomotion ability. The swarm also demonstrates collaborative capabilities in navigating through complex environments, manipulating obstacles, and transporting objects, both in laboratory and outdoor aquatic settings. This work provides a framework for aquatic robots to adapt to unstructured environments and complex tasks, contributing to the advancement of multifunctional, reconfigurable robotic systems.

Source

SCIENCE ADVANCES

Volume12Issue2

DOI10.1126/sciadv.adz2458

2026年1月

Game-based scheduling of mobile charging robots for electric vehicle charging: A relay-like scheme  

Qiuyang Fang, Chunyan Zhang, Chen Wang, Guangming Xie, Jianlei Zhang

Abstract

The growing demand for electric-vehicle (EV) charging poses substantial challenges for power grids. In response, mobile charging robots (MCRs) have emerged as a promising solution for flexible, on-demand energy delivery. This paper proposes a novel relay-like EV-charging scheme for public parking facilities, in which long-duration charging tasks are decomposed into sequential time slots and collaboratively managed by multiple MCRs. The coordination problem is cast as an overlapping coalition formation (OCF) game with a holistic-altruistic preference order, enabling MCRs to autonomously allocate energy and cooperatively fulfill charging tasks while balancing self-interest and social welfare. Based on this framework, we develop a simulated annealing-inspired, decentralized OCF (SA-OCF) algorithm that effectively explores the solution space under stringent energy and time-window constraints and converges to a stable overlapping coalition structure. Simulation results show that the proposed approach outperforms baseline methods in social welfare and energy delivered. Furthermore, the algorithm exhibits strong scalability across scenarios with heterogeneous EV-charging behaviors.

Source

APPLIED ENERGY

Volume402PartB

DOI10.1016/j.apenergy.2025.126956

2026年1月

Thresholds in the controls of denudation rates: A global analysis of tectonic climatic and biological factors based on machine learning

Jiaxi Zhao, Yonggang Liu, Gaojun Li, Haoyue Zuo

Abstract

Denudation is one of the most important processes on Earth's surface determining the landscape evolution, weathering release and consumption of CO2, soil/sediment production. While many studies attribute topography as the primary control on denudation rates, slope-based models explain only half of the observed variance with systematic biases on both the high and low ends. This model-data discrepancy may arise from secondary unidentified environmental factors and/or the insensitivity of denudation to slope beyond certain thresholds. Here we train a machine learning model utilizing denudation rates measured for similar to 4000 river basins worldwide to predict global denudation rates based on 14 environmental predictors. Our results indicate that denudation has prominent threshold behavior, and we identify key slope thresholds at 3 degrees, 12 degrees and 15 degrees (calculated with 1 km-resolution DEM, equivalent to 8 degrees, 21 degrees, and 25 degrees with 90 m DEM). For slopes below 3 degrees, denudation is most affected by temperature which potentially enhances denudation by creating conditions conducive to faster chemical weathering. As slope increases, precipitation seasonality, precipitation of the wettest month, and runoff become important by activating river incision. Over the steepest mountains, denudation transitions from transport-limited to detachment-limited regimes, where intense tectonic activity or discharge triggers landslide adjustments that maximize denudation rates. Globally, the relationship between median denudation rates and slope is better described by a logistic rather than exponential function. We use the model to predict global denudation rates at 1-km resolution, and explain > 80 % of the observed variance with systematic biases substantially reduced. Our results provide quantitative constraints for understanding Earth surface dynamics over the last millennia and throughout geologic history.

Source

EARTH AND PLANETARY SCIENCE LETTERS

Volume674

DOI10.1016/j.epsl.2025.119750

2026年1月

Decomposition of Pacific Decadal Oscillation using linear inverse models sheds light on its dominant modes and future response

Wu, Sheng; Di Lorenzo, Emanuele; Zhao, Yingying; Newman, Matthew; Liu, Zhengyu; Capotondi, Antonietta; Sun, Daoxun; Stevenson, Samantha; Liu, Yonggang

Abstract

The Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) is the leading mode of North Pacific climate variability, yet its response to climate change remains uncertain. Here, we use Linear Inverse Model (LIM) diagnostics to decompose PDO into three dynamical constituents: the Kuroshio-Oyashio Extension (KOE) mode, the North Pacific-Central Tropical Pacific (NP-CP) mode, and the El Ni & ntilde;o-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) mode. Applying an observationally derived LIM large ensemble, we show that the relative importance of these modes varies substantially over 85-year periods due to internal climate variability-requiring at least 300 years for stationary estimates. LIMs trained on climate model ensembles reveal that, despite comparable variability, models exhibit systematic biases in representing the spatial structures of the KOE and NP-CP modes. Under global warming, models project a more dominant ENSO contribution and a diminished KOE influence, leading to a shortened PDO timescale. This LIM-based dynamical decomposition enables more direct comparisons of PDO mechanisms between models and observations.

Source

NPJ CLIMATE AND ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCE

Volume9Issue1

DOI10.1038/s41612-025-01315-2

2026年1月

Uncertainty in Antarctic precipitation projections under global warming

Man, Kai; Miao, Yujie; Wang, Yonghao; Feng, Yusi; Li, Xichen

Abstract

The Antarctic Ice Sheet is a critical driver of global sea level rise, yet future projections of Antarctic precipitation remain highly uncertain, posing challenges to modeling ice sheet changes. This study examines uncertainties in Antarctic precipitation projections using simulations from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 and investigates their underlying sources. We find that uncertainties in precipitation projections are substantially larger than those for surface temperature. Integrated precipitation uncertainties are strongly linked to uncertainties in both global and Antarctic surface temperatures, while atmospheric circulation-particularly the Pacific South American modes-plays a critical role in regional precipitation patterns of precipitation uncertainties. Further analysis reveals that tropical sea surface temperatures contribute to uncertainties in Antarctic precipitation patterns through atmospheric teleconnections. These findings highlight the need to improve polar processes in climate models to reduce uncertainties in Antarctic precipitation projections and better predict ice sheet contributions to sea level rise.

Source

ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LETTERS

Volume21Issue1

DOI10.1088/1748-9326/ae2ca9

2026年1月

Comparing the Linkage between Springtime Central Pacific Cross-Equatorial Winds and Wintertime ENSO Events in Reanalyses and CMIP6 Models

Miao, Yujie; Lian, Tao; Feng, Juan; Yu, Yueyue; Li, Yadi; Wang, Wenzhu; Li, Xichen

Abstract

Recent studies highlighted the springtime cross-equatorial meridional wind anomaly over the central Pacific as an important precursor to El Ni & ntilde;o-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events in the following winter, primarily through atmosphere-ocean interactions such as the wind-evaporation-sea surface temperature (SST) feedback. The cross-equatorial wind leads ENSO events by 8 months in reanalysis datasets, with the correlation coefficient of up to 0.63. Here, we assess the fidelity of this relationship in climate models from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 6 (CMIP6). Our analysis reveals that all CMIP6 models substantially underestimate this relationship. Further investigation suggests that this deficiency is largely due to the overestimation of ENSO persistence in models, as evidenced by the elevated autocorrelation between springtime and wintertime ENSO indices. In reanalyses, the springtime cross-equatorial wind anomaly over the central Pacific often coincides with a cold SST anomaly in the cold tongue but precedes a warm SST anomaly in the following winter. Most CMIP6 models overestimate the autocorrelation between springtime and wintertime ENSO events, which overshadows the "springtime wind-wintertime ENSO" relationship. However, upon removing the springtime ENSO signal from the analysis, most models successfully reproduce a strong linkage between springtime cross-equatorial winds and subsequent ENSO events. These findings reaffirm the critical role of springtime meridional wind anomalies in shaping ENSO evolution and offer valuable insights for correcting model biases and improving model performance in simulating ENSO dynamics and predictability.

Source

JOURNAL OF CLIMATE

Volume39Issue2Page459-474

DOI10.1175/JCLI-D-25-0240.1

2026年1月

Electro-SLAM: Distributed underwater multi-robot SLAM via bio-inspired active and passive electro-sensing

Yang, Qiye; Zheng, Junzheng; Wang, Chen; Xiong, Minglei; Xie, Guangming

Abstract

This paper presents Electro-SLAM, a novel and fully distributed SLAM system for underwater single- and multi-robot applications, inspired by the electroreception capabilities of weakly electric fish. Departing from conventional vision- or sonar-based methods, Electro-SLAM employs a compact, custom-designed sensing module that supports both active and passive electro-sensing, enabling perception of geometric boundaries and material properties even in visually degraded, dark, or turbid environments, without relying on external infrastructure. At the foundational level, we develop a complete electro-sensing solution, including a compact hardware unit, theoretical electric field models under representative underwater boundary conditions, and estimation methods for localization. Building on this, for single-robot scenarios, we propose an active electro-sensing SLAM pipeline that integrates boundary detection, boundary tracking, and hierarchical localization strategies leveraging both geometric and material-aware features of boundaries. Finally, the framework is extended to multi-robot scenarios, forming the full Electro-SLAM system that integrates passive electro-sensing-based inter-robot relative pose estimation, decentralized semantic map merging, and collaborative localization via merged semantic maps, enabling asynchronous cooperation among multiple low-cost robots. The proposed Electro-SLAM is validated through real-world underwater experiments using custom-built small robots. Results demonstrate that Electro-SLAM significantly outperforms odometry-only baselines in localization accuracy, mapping quality, and semantic map completeness. By combining bio-inspired sensing with distributed multi-robot autonomy, Electro-SLAM offers a scalable SLAM paradigm for dark, turbid, and communication-constrained underwater environments, opening new directions for embodied intelligence in aquatic domains.

Source

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ROBOTICS RESEARCH

DOI10.1177/02783649251414426

2026年1月

全球变暖下的“汞陷阱”：南极地区汞污染放大效应

周诚真，刘茂甸，张倩茹，王学军

Abstract

重金属汞及其某些化合物是具全球迁移能力的持久性污染物，目前主要来自人为排放，对人类健康和生态系统构成严重威胁。包括南极大陆和南大洋在内的南极地区作为地球重要的“冷源”系统，对调节全球汞循环具有重要作用。研究发现，过去1万多年的全新世气候变暖触发的冰架退缩导致南极汞积累量激增，预示未来全球变暖将促使南大洋演变为“汞陷阱”，加剧南极地区乃至全球的环境风险。为应对这种危机，保障世界人民的食品安全，全球应协同减排，遏制汞污染随气候变暖而恶化的趋势，并推动更具包容性的极地科研合作与环境治理机制的协同建设。

Source

科学. 2026 ,78 (01): 1-6+69

2026年1月

全球河流汞污染的历史背景值与现状

彭栋，刘茂甸，张彦旭

Abstract

汞及其化合物是具有神经毒性的污染物，通过食物链对野生动物和人类健康构成威胁，而河流是陆地与海洋间汞循环的重要通道。随着近现代工业化进程的推进，人为排放显著增加，当前河流汞通量提高至工业革命前的2～3倍，加剧了河流和滨海地区居民汞暴露风险。建立全球河流汞传输模型有助于污染治理评估与目标设定，是推动全球汞减排与修复的重要参考，为制定科学、高效、系统的汞减排策略提供依据。汞是最具毒性的污染物之一，对人体神经系统和生态环境危害极大，已被纳入2017年生效的国际间《关于汞的水俣公约》（简称《水俣公约》）进行重点监管。我国于2017年正式开展《水俣公约》履约工作，出台了一系列条例和法规来控制汞污染排放，并进行汞污染治理。

Source

科学. 2026 ,78 (01): 7-11+69

2026年1月

全球的人为源大气汞排放与中国的角色

邱新然，刘茂甸，蔡兴瑞，王学军

Abstract

含汞体温计（水银体温计）是陪伴过很多人、可靠的健康测量工具，但从2026年1月1日起，我国全面禁止生产。这是为什么呢？其实，汞是一种全球性污染物，而人为的汞排放在过去60年大幅上升。《水俣公约》生效8年多来，发达国家的汞减排努力正被部分新兴发展中国家汞排放的增长所抵消，全球汞污染重心已然“南移”。然而，中国通过严格的环境治理政策和独特的协同减排措施，成功实现了从“最大排放国”向“关键减排者”的转型，按下了汞污染的减速键，为全球环境保护和治理提供了宝贵的“中国经验”。

Source

科学. 2026 ,78 (01): 12-16+69

2026年1月

中国水产品汞污染控制策略和经验对全球的启示

蔡兴瑞，刘茂甸，张倩茹，孟靖，王学军

Abstract

水产品是人类自身优质营养和养殖业经济收入的重要来源，其安全性直接关系到全球30多亿人的健康和福祉，然而汞污染已成为影响以鱼类为代表的水产品安全的全球性环境难题。中国作为全球最大的水产品生产和汞排放国，通过先进的市政污水处理措施，成功实现了水产品汞含量持续下降的“逆势突围”，为全球汞污染治理提供了宝贵的“中国经验”。近年来，水产品中重金属汞污染问题持续受到全球广泛关注，其中甲基汞作为汞常见的有机形态具有显著的生物富集性和神经毒性，严重威胁以鱼类为代表的水产品安全和人类健康。中国由于人口数量庞大和经济快速发展的需要，已成为全球最大的大气汞排放国，同时其水产品中汞含量却在过去40年显著下降，为全球汞污染治理提供了重要参考。

Source

科学. 2026 ,78 (01): 17-22+69

2026年2月

Lamprey-Inspired Amphibious Suction Disc with Hybrid Adhesion Mechanism

Li, Lei; Gao, Wenzhuo; Qin, Boyang; Zhang, Yiyuan; Linghu, Changhong Wang, Bo; Ma, Yitian; Kong, Shihan; Yu, Junzhi

Abstract

Bioinspired adhesives mimicking octopuses, tree frogs, and geckos enable robots to grip and manipulate diverse surfaces. However, most existing systems use a single adhesion mechanism, limiting adaptability and hindering strong, reversible attachment across diverse surface conditions and environmental media. Here, inspired by the oral sucker of the lamprey (Lethenteron reissneri), we present a hybrid suction disc that integrates a thermally switchable shape-memory polymer (SMP) panel for surface conformity and a soft silicone lip for vacuum suction. When heated, the SMP softens to conform to surface irregularities; subsequent cooling restiffens it, enabling mechanical interlocking with surface asperities under vacuum. This synergistic design achieves robust, reversible, and cross-medium adhesion on challenging surfaces, both in air and underwater. The disc generated peak pull-off forces of 562 N in air and 590 N underwater on smooth substrates, over 850 times its own weight, and maintained strong adhesion even on rough surfaces (>707 mu m) where conventional suction fails. Incorporating the SMP improved adhesion by 377% in air and 270% underwater compared to vacuum alone. Shear friction tests showed similar enhancements, and attachments remained secure for 26.8 h under load. The hybrid disc also enabled robotic demonstrations of gripping and cross-medium manipulation when mounted on a mechanical arm, highlighting its potential for real-world robotic applications. This work paves the way for developing multimodal adhesion systems and amphibious robots capable of adaptive gripping and reliable operation across diverse environments.

Source

CYBORG AND BIONIC SYSTEMS

Volume7

DOI10.34133/cbsystems.0527

2026年2月

Tripole-like Antarctic sea ice pattern linked to remote forcing from the Indian Ocean and Maritime Continent

Ma, Weihan; Yuan, Xiaojun; Hou, Yurong; Man, Kai; Miao, Yujie; Zhang, Li; Li, Xichen

Abstract

Antarctic sea ice variability has long been characterized by a dipole pattern primarily located in West Antarctica, attributed to the Amundsen Sea Low and remote forcing from the tropical Pacific, while variability in other sectors has received less attention. Here we reveal a tripole-like pattern of sea ice variability spanning multiple sectors of Antarctica, comprising the classic dipole together with seasonally varying centers in East Antarctica during austral winter and spring. Using observational analyses and numerical experiments, we demonstrate that, unlike the dipole, this tripole is not governed solely by the Amundsen Sea Low. Instead, it emerges from paired atmospheric circulation anomalies that impose coherent wind forcing along the sea ice edge, initiated by Rossby wave trains from the Pacific, Indian Ocean and Maritime Continent. These findings provide a broader framework for Antarctic sea ice variability and highlight previously overlooked Indian Ocean-Maritime Continent drivers of Antarctic climate predictability.

Source

COMMUNICATIONS EARTH & ENVIRONMENT

Volume7Issue1

DOI10.1038/s43247-026-03292-7

2026年2月

Interaction between atmospheric rivers and marine heatwaves in the North Pacific

Zhang, Lujia; Song, Yurong; Huang, Wen; Lu, Mengqian; Dong, Tianyun; Li, Xichen

Abstract

Atmospheric rivers (ARs) and marine heatwaves (MHWs) are two major extreme events of the climate system that strongly influence the ocean-atmosphere interface, yet their mutual interactions remain poorly understood. Here we use long-term oceanic and atmospheric reanalysis datasets (OISST and ERA5) from 1982 to 2023 to quantify the interactions and feedbacks between ARs and MHWs over the North Pacific. Longer and more intense events exhibit a higher probability of overlapping, resulting in nearly 85% of ARs and 57% of MHWs being linked to the other system. Pronounced hotspots of co-occurrence emerge in the mid-latitudes, where both systems frequently develop. ARs promote ocean surface warming and exacerbate MHW intensity by enhancing surface heat fluxes dominated by latent heat, together with increased downward longwave and sensible heat fluxes over the North Pacific north of 40 degrees N. Conversely, MHWs slightly suppress local AR intensity by weakening horizontal winds, while mesoscale convection and cyclonic disturbances disrupt integrated vapor transport. This effect is partially offset by enhanced moisture associated with stronger convection. These findings reveal a bidirectional coupling between oceanic and atmospheric extremes and highlight the need to examine their relationship across other ocean basins and under future warming scenarios to better anticipate compound climate risks.

Source

NPJ CLIMATE AND ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCE

Volume9Issue1

DOI10.1038/s41612-026-01350-7

2026年2月

Ocean Circulation on Tide-locked Lava Worlds: 3D Modeling with a Simple Boundary Iteration Method

Jun Yang, Chengyao Tang, Zimu Wang, Yanhong Lai, Wanying Kang

Abstract

Tide-locked lava worlds are surface-melted rocky planets under 1:1 tidally locked orbit (i.e., synchronously rotating) with orbital period being equal to rotation period and with permanent hot dayside and cold nightside. Previous studies on this type of planets employed scaling analyses and two-dimensional (2D) simulations. This work is a continuation of the previous researches but including the effect of the Coriolis force and the simulation domain is extended to a 3D global sphere. We find that under the condition with thermal-only forcing (without surface wind stresses), the area-mean ocean depth is about 50–300 m (depending on vertical diffusivity) and the area-mean effect of horizontal ocean heat transport (in the order of 103 to 104 W m−2) is significantly smaller than stellar radiation (in the order of 106 W m−2 at the substellar region), being consistent with previous results. Different from 2D results, due to the effect of the Coriolis force, large-scale horizontal gyres form on the dayside, ocean currents near the west boundaries are much stronger than that near the east boundaries (called as "western intensification"), the deepest ocean is not right at the substellar point but in the middle latitudes as the vertical diffusivity is moderate or large, and meanwhile there exists significant asymmetry between the west and the east of the substellar point. These results establish a first picture for the 3D thermal-driven ocean circulation and confirm that the lava ocean should be shallow on tide-locked lava worlds.

Source

arXiv, February 1, 2026

2026年2月

Achieving Explainable ENSO Prediction Using Small Data Training

Feng, Jie; Lian, Tao; Liu, Ting; Chen, Dake; Li, Xichen; Tang, Youmin; Gao, Yanqiu; Song, Xunshu

Abstract

Despite substantial progress over the past four decades, accurately predicting the spatiotemporal structure of the El Ni & ntilde;o-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) remains a persistent challenge for dynamical models. While deep learning models have demonstrated improved prediction skills, their performances are constrained by biases in climate models used for training and lack dynamic interpretability. Here we construct a novel hybrid model that integrates deep learning techniques into a dynamical model, enabling information exchanging during integration. Training on physical-informed data, the model continuously adapts and improves forecasts, achieves unprecedented ENSO prediction skills, particularly in El Ni & ntilde;o diversity and the spring predictability barrier. Moreover, as the hybrid model requires only a small volume of data by training on observations, it circumvents biases in climate models. Enhanced prediction skills arise primarily from improved representation of the leading feedbacks associated with ENSO. Our results suggest that training models with physical-informed data is an effective approach for ENSO prediction.

Source

GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS

Volume53Issue3

DOI10.1029/2025GL117573

2026年2月

Distinct spatiotemporal patterns of atmospheric total and soluble iron from three sources revealed by shipboard online observations in the Northwest Pacific

Zhang, Tianle; Xiang, Yaxin; Zhu, Bingxing; Yao, Xiaohong; Fan, Xuehua; Wang, Yinan; Wang, Yuntao; Chen, Shuangling; Wang, Shunyao; Zhang, Yan; Chai, Fei; Zheng, Mei

Abstract

Non-dust emissions have been increasingly recognized as important contributors to atmospheric iron (Fe), influencing marine productivity through enhanced bioavailable Fe inputs. However, accurately quantifying the contributions and spatiotemporal variability of non-dust sources remains challenging due to relatively low time-resolution of traditional filter-based analytical methods. In this study, the contributions of non-dust emissions to atmospheric total and soluble Fe in the Northwest Pacific were quantified based on online measurements from three ship-based observation campaigns in 2021-2022. A Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) model was applied for source apportionment. Results showed non-dust emissions were notable contributors to atmospheric total Fe, representing 24 %-41 % of total Fe in PM10 and 30 %-56 % in PM2.5 samples across different cruise legs. Importantly, their contributions to soluble Fe were significantly higher, reaching 88 %-97 % in PM10 and 85 %-98 % in PM2.5 samples. Among non-dust sources, land anthropogenic emissions contributed substantially to both total and soluble Fe, whereas ship emission contributed a small portion to total Fe but was a major source of soluble Fe, particularly in summer, when its contribution reached 79 % of soluble Fe in PM10 samples in coastal regions. Additionally, Fe from non-dust sources exhibited stronger spatial variability than dust source. The concentrations of land anthropogenic Fe differed by 3-5 times between coastal and open-ocean areas during the same cruises, while ship-derived Fe varied by an order of magnitude or more. This study offers critical observational evidence to advance understanding of how diverse emission sources shape atmospheric composition in Asian continental outflow regions.

Source

ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

Volume26Issue4Page3001-3024

DOI10.5194/acp-26-3001-2026

2026年2月

Impact of Inter-Basin Interactions on ENSO-Associated Hadley Circulation Adjustments

Miao, Yujie; Lian, Tao; Wang, Ya; Yu, Yueyue; Hou, Yurong; Wang, Weiqi; Li, Yadi; Tao, Weichen; Li, Xichen

Abstract

El Ni & ntilde;o events are usually accompanied by Hadley circulation (HC) adjustment extending beyond the Pacific to the Atlantic and Indian Oceans. These remote HC adjustments arise through both pure atmospheric and ocean-atmosphere coupling mechanisms, yet their relative importance remains unclear. In this study, we integrate observations with climate model experiments to assess the roles of pure atmospheric and coupled ocean-atmosphere pathways linking ENSO to the global HC adjustments. Results show that El Ni & ntilde;o intensifies deep convection over the Pacific but suppresses convection over the Atlantic and Indian Oceans via the tropospheric temperature mechanism. Meanwhile, El Ni & ntilde;o-induced Atlantic and Indian Oceans warming enhances convection and regional HC. These two pathways exert opposing influences, with pure atmospheric pathway as the dominant driver. These findings establish a novel inter-basin dynamical perspective for ENSO-related tropical circulation adjustments and clarify the relative importance of different pathways, offering important implications for understanding ENSO-induced global climate impacts.

Source

GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS

Volume53Issue3

DOI10.1029/2025GL118492

2026年2月

Achieving Explainable ENSO Prediction Using Small Data Training

Feng, J (Feng, Jie); Lian, T (Lian, Tao); Liu, T (Liu, Ting); Chen, DK (Chen, Dake); Li, XC (Li, Xichen); Tang, YM (Tang, Youmin); Gao, YQ (Gao, Yanqiu); Song, XS (Song, Xunshu)

Abstract

Despite substantial progress over the past four decades, accurately predicting the spatiotemporal structure of the El Ni & ntilde;o-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) remains a persistent challenge for dynamical models. While deep learning models have demonstrated improved prediction skills, their performances are constrained by biases in climate models used for training and lack dynamic interpretability. Here we construct a novel hybrid model that integrates deep learning techniques into a dynamical model, enabling information exchanging during integration. Training on physical-informed data, the model continuously adapts and improves forecasts, achieves unprecedented ENSO prediction skills, particularly in El Ni & ntilde;o diversity and the spring predictability barrier. Moreover, as the hybrid model requires only a small volume of data by training on observations, it circumvents biases in climate models. Enhanced prediction skills arise primarily from improved representation of the leading feedbacks associated with ENSO. Our results suggest that training models with physical-informed data is an effective approach for ENSO prediction.

Source

GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS

Volume53Issue3

DOI10.1029/2025GL117573

2026年3月

Octopus-Inspired Underwater Gripper with Rapid Stiffness Tuning and Robot Enabling Upward Transport

Wu, Mingxin; Liu, Yurong; Wu, Jiaxi; Afridi, Waqar Hussain; Zheng, Xingwen; Wang, Chen; Xie, Guangming

Abstract

Underwater operations-such as marine environmental protection, resource recovery, and seabed exploration-require grippers with high adaptability. Existing rigid and soft grippers are constrained by their inherent material limitations, restricting their manipulation versatility. In this work, we introduce an octopus-inspired underwater gripper with rapidly tunable stiffness, integrated into an upward transport robot designed for efficient underwater object manipulation. Achieving softening in 1.3 s and rigidification in 0.8 s, the gripper demonstrates the shortest stiffness transition time reported to date, substantially advancing rapid and adaptive underwater manipulation. Emulating the octopus's multimodal grasping strategy, the system can handle a wide range of objects-from light to heavy and soft to rigid-even in cluttered underwater environments. The integrated robot combines active buoyancy control with manipulation to enable continuous grasping and vertical transport of submerged objects. This study offers a robust solution for adaptive underwater manipulation, with potential applications in autonomous marine operations, ecological restoration, and ocean missions.

Source

CYBORG AND BIONIC SYSTEMS

Volume7

DOI10.34133/cbsystems.0528

2026年3月

Effect of Wettability on Nucleation Thermodynamics of Natural Gas Hydrate in Nanopores

Xu, Chao; Li, Zhenchao; Lu, Hailong

Abstract

Natural gas hydrate is taken as a promising future energy source that primarily forms and occurs in the pores of natural sediments. In this study, the effects of thermodynamics and surface wettability of mineral substrates on gas hydrate nucleation are investigated with a modified classical nucleation theory framework, revealing that the hydrophobic concave of a surface will lead to a lower energy barrier (Delta G*) and smaller equivalent critical radii (r e c) for hydrate formation, and surface wettability exerts a greater influence in hydrate nucleation than pore curvature. As to the contact angles on minerals, layered silicates such as kaolinite (17.5 +/- 2.5 degrees) and montmorillonite (21.5 +/- 6.5 degrees) have strong hydrophilicity versus pronounced hydrophobicity as compared with nonpolar materials such as graphene (127 +/- 4 degrees) and graphite (98 +/- 5 degrees), while sulfide minerals are recognized with intermediate wettability due to their metal-sulfur bond polarity. The polarity based on the dielectric constant predicts that the contact angle of hydrate is greater than that of water on the hydrophilic surface while lower on hydrophobic substrates, and such a phenomenon can be demonstrated with the brass surface. Through a thermodynamic evaluation, this work elucidates the influence of curvature and wettability on hydrate nucleation and identifies a qualitative polarity-contact angle correlation, thereby contributing to the foundational knowledge of nucleation media.

Source

CRYSTAL GROWTH & DESIGN

Volume26Issue5Page1970-1978

DOI10.1021/acs.cgd.5c01528

2026年3月

Influence of East Asian cold surges on tropical precipitation over the Maritime continent

Yang, Wenwen; Cui, Wenling; Li, Xichen; Spengler, Thomas; Dunstone, Nick; Hardiman, Steven C.; Pang, Bo; Wang, Lin

Abstract

Cold surges are typical weather phenomena of the East Asian winter monsoon and can substantially influence tropical precipitation from the South China Sea (SCS) across the Maritime Continent (MC). This study proposes a revised definition of cold surge events by merging intermittent surges separated by brief (1-2 day) interruptions into continuous episodes. It then classifies cold surge events from 1980 to 2023 into short- and long-lived categories. Composite and lead-lag analyses show that while cold surges of both categories enhance precipitation over the SCS and MC, long-lived events produce not only more persistent but also more intense rainfall. These prolonged cold surges are characterized by sustained northerly winds, enhanced diabatic heating in the mid- to upper troposphere, and deeper convective development. Thermodynamic analyses reveal that long-lived cold surges are more effective in transporting heat and moisture from mid-latitudes and initiate robust ascent when sea surface temperature (SST) exceeds a convective threshold (similar to 27 degrees C). Sea level pressure indices over East Asia and Siberia emerge as robust precursors for cold surge occurrence, leading MC precipitation by several days and offering promise for sub-seasonal prediction. Additionally, long-lived cold surges drive persistent SST cooling over the SCS and East China Sea through enhanced surface fluxes. These results highlight the critical role of coupled tropical-extratropical and ocean-atmosphere interactions in cold surge dynamics and underscore their potential for improving intra-seasonal forecast skill in Southeast Asia.

Source

WEATHER AND CLIMATE EXTREMES

Volume51

DOI10.1016/j.wace.2026.100868

2026年3月

Regional Hadley Circulation Adjustments Associated With Eastern-Pacific and Central-Pacific ENSO

Wang, Weiqi; Feng, Juan; Miao, Yujie; Ma, Weihan; Li, Yadi; Li, Xichen

Abstract

The El Ni & ntilde;o-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) exhibits pronounced spatial diversity between its eastern Pacific (EP) and central Pacific expressions, with distinct impacts on the global atmospheric circulation, including the Hadley circulation (HC). However, the traditional zonal-mean perspective of the HC masks the longitudinal structure of the circulation responses to different ENSO types, thereby concealing basin-dependent overturning contrasts and their implications for HC-subtropical jet interactions. In this study, we show that different ENSO types induce distinct three-dimensional adjustments of the HC. During CP-type events, Pacific HC cells exhibit a broader meridional extent with centers shifted farther west, resulting in a stronger coupling with the subtropical jet, whereas EP-type events are characterized by a more zonally broadened HC confined near the equator. These contrasts extend beyond the Pacific basin, with Atlantic HC anomalies during CP-type events also displaced farther westward than those associated with EP-type events. The differing HC responses are closely linked to the distinct spatial patterns and seasonal evolution of sea surface temperature and precipitation anomalies associated with different ENSO types. Together, these findings enhance our understanding of ENSO diversity and its climatic impacts, particularly in the context of the projected increase in CP-type events under global warming.

Source

JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES

Volume131Issue7

DOI10.1029/2025JD046200

2026年3月

Bio-to-Robot Transfer of Fish Sensorimotor Dynamics via Interpretable Model

Waqar Hussain Afridi, Ahsan Tanveer, Rahdar Hussain Afridi, Muhammad Hamza, Mingxin Wu, Liang Li, Guangming Xie

Abstract

Swimming in fish arises from tightly integrated neural, muscular, skeletal, and hydrodynamic processes that are difficult to capture in compact, transferable models for robotics. An interpretable system identification (SySID) is presented that bidirectionally maps between electromyography (EMG) and kinematics in freely swimming koi and further tests its generalization to a robotic fish. Synchronized EMG and kinematic are collected across laminar, Kármán vortex, and reverse Kármán vortex flows spanning 0.146–0.274 m s−1. A linear autoregressive with exogenous input (ARX) model architecture is chosen to capture both feedforward (EMG to kinematics) and feedback (kinematics to EMG) pathways, enabling the extraction of key system parameters, such as natural frequency, damping ratio, and input–output delays. Cross-individual validation demonstrates robust performance and identifies the best-performing fish-trained model, which is then evaluated for cross-domain transfer by replacing EMG input with processed pulse width modulation actuation signals from a robotic fish. Despite differences in mechanics and actuation physics, predictions closely match measured trajectories (mean R2 = 0.86 ± 0.13), substantially outperforming a deep neural network (97.8% higher percentage fit index) trained on the same biological datasets. These findings show that compact, interpretable SySID models enable accurate bio-to-robot transfer without robot-specific retraining, grounding robotic motion models directly in biological function rather than imitation.

Source

Advanced Intelligent Systems, Volume 8, Issue 3, March 2026

DOI10.1002/aisy.202501117

2026年4月

EMG-Driven Telemetry and Inference System for Fish: Pose Reconstruction and Flow Sensing

Afridi, Rahdar Hussain; Afridi, Waqar Hussain; Hamza, Muhammad; Tanveer, Ahsan; Wu, Mingxin; Zheng, Xingwen; Li, Liang; Xie, Guangming

Abstract

Intelligent sensing systems that integrate biological signals with machine learning open new opportunities to understand and replicate animal locomotion in natural environments. Conventional telemetry methods capture only limited variables and cannot reconstruct detailed kinematics or hydrodynamic context. An electromyography (EMG)-driven intelligent telemetry framework is introduced that decodes both body pose and environmental conditions in freely swimming fish. A custom 16-channel telemetry unit recorded intramuscular EMG synchronized with kinematics across laminar flows at multiple speeds, two K & aacute;rm & aacute;n vortex streets, a reverse K & aacute;rm & aacute;n vortex street, and free-swimming trials. A deep neural network mapped feature-augmented EMG to joint angles in a head-fixed frame, enabling midline reconstruction with sub-centimeter accuracy (similar to 3.8% body length) and joint angle prediction within 4 degrees root mean squared erroFir (R approximate to 0.81). The same pipeline classified flow regimes and discrete flow speeds with high accuracy. Channel-efficiency analysis identified mid-body axial electrodes as sufficient to capture most flow-relevant information, guiding minimizing electrode count and invasiveness. Predicted kinematics were validated through computational fluid dynamics simulations and robotic embodiment that replayed decoded swimming motions. These results establish EMG as a dual-purpose bio-signal for locomotor and environmental inference, demonstrating an AI-driven telemetry framework that links muscle activity, kinematics, and fluid interactions.

Source

ADVANCED INTELLIGENT SYSTEMS

DOI10.1002/aisy.202501085

2026年4月

Revealing the Mechanisms of Heat Extremes Using an AI Enabled Diagnostic Framework

Xiang, Longzhen; Wang, Ya; Clark, Robin T.; Yang, Kai; Huang, Gang; Li, Xichen; Lin, Pengfei; Hu, Kaiming; Tao, Weichen; Qu, Xia

Abstract

Heat extremes have become a major health hazard around the world. Understanding their mechanisms remains a major challenge because the physical drivers interact in a nonlinear way. Here we introduce a globally perturbed reforecast framework driven by the Neural general circulation model (NeuralGCM). Sensitivity reforecast experiments that independently remove initial condition anomalies over spatially distinct patches identified the high impact regions (HIRs) for the record-breaking August 2022 South China heatwave (SCH22) in Europe and North America (NA) through changes in forecast skill, which are further confirmed by dynamic diagnostics. Forecasts initialized using anomalies only from HIRs covering just 25% of the global domain successfully reproduce the evolution and spatial pattern of SCH22. These findings can also generalize to another AI-based weather model FuXi. Our proposed framework helps to improve accessibility to global-scale diagnostic for extreme events with robust results.

Source

GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS

Volume53Issue7

DOI10.1029/2025GL120917

2026年4月

Tropical Indian Ocean warming intensifies drought over South America during the dry season

Yang, Wenwen; Li, Xichen; Wang, Lin; Ma, Weihan ; Li, Yancong

Abstract

In recent decades, dry-season droughts over South America have intensified under the background of global warming. While previous work has emphasized the roles of tropical Pacific and Atlantic variability in shaping South American hydroclimate, the role of tropical Indian Ocean warming remains less well constrained. In this study, we combine observational analysis together with atmospheric model experiments to show that Indian Ocean Basin Mode (IOBM) warming excites a stationary Rossby wave train that propagates into the South Pacific-South American sector, producing an anomalous upper-tropospheric high-pressure over South America and an enhanced South Atlantic anticyclone. These circulation anomalies strengthen subsidence and reduce moisture supply over the southern Amazon and central Brazil, thereby suppressing precipitation and intensifying drought. In addition, reduced cloudiness further increases surface downward shortwave radiation and near-surface warming, providing a local cloud-radiation amplification. Together, our results identify tropical Indian Ocean warming as an important and underappreciated source of dry-season predictability for South American hydroclimate and associated drought risk.

Source

ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS

Volume8Issue4

DOI10.1088/2515-7620/ae4cf8

2026年4月

The role of the mid-atlantic ridge in modulating the atlantic meridional overturning circulation and its response to warming

Mei, Jie; Liu, Yonggang

Abstract

Mid-ocean ridges are prevalent features of the ocean bottom, but how they influence ocean circulation is unclear. Here we investigate this problem by conducting idealized simulations using an ocean general circulation model, with a focus on how the Mid-Atlantic Ridge (MAR) affects the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) and its response to abrupt surface warming. The results show that 1) the depth of AMOC increases with the width and height of MAR because it induces cooling and densification of seawater at the northwestern corner of the ocean basin. 2) the strength of AMOC at latitudes higher than similar to 40 degrees N increases with the width and height of MAR but the strength at lower latitudes changes little and may become slightly weaker. 3) overall, the density of the abyssal seawater increases with the width and height of MAR mainly due to the less effective vertical mixing when an MAR is present. 4) after an abrupt surface warming is applied, the AMOC eventually deepens and strengthens, with an adjustment timescale controlled by the diapycnal mixing at depth as previously found but shortens with the MAR height and width. For example, the timescale shortens from over 10,000 years for the case with no MAR to less than 5,000 years for the case with a wide MAR. This shortening is mainly because the early development of a cold anomaly at the surface around the northwestern corner of the ocean basin. These results imply that basal topographic features, often simplified in idealized models, deserve greater attention in long-term climate projections and paleoclimate interpretations.

Source

OCEAN MODELLING

Volume201

DOI10.1016/j.ocemod.2026.102715

2026年4月

Bioinspired underwater soft robots: from biology to robotics and back

Lei Li, Boyang Qin, Wenzhuo Gao, Yanyu Li, Yiyuan Zhang, Bo Wang, Shihan Kong, Jian Wang, Dekui He & Junzhi Yu

Abstract

Soft-bodied marine organisms inspire underwater soft robots. We distill four biological principles that guide robotic design, including locomotion, compliant morphologies and materials, distributed sensing, and adaptive control. We frame a bidirectional loop from biology to robotics and back in which robots act as physical models to probe biological mechanisms that are difficult to isolate in living animals. We further propose a biouniversal design strategy that moves beyond any single organism.

Source

npj Robotics volume 4, Article number: 25 (2026)

https://doi.org/10.1038/s44182-026-00088-x

2026年5月

Effect of Hadley Circulation-Subtropical Jet Interaction: The Seasonal Contrast of ENSO-Induced Atmospheric Teleconnection Patterns between Boreal Autumn and Winter

Ma, Weihan; Wang, Ya; Miao, Yujie; Hu, Yongyun; Li, Xichen

Abstract

El Ni & ntilde;o-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) generates teleconnection patterns that show a marked seasonal contrast in amplitude, with much stronger impacts in boreal winter than in autumn, even when tropical Pacific sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies are of similar magnitude. While previous studies have focused on the effect of background SST in generating convective precipitation anomalies, this study reveals the importance of the position and extent of ENSOinduced regional Hadley circulation (HC) anomalies in forming this seasonal contrast. Unlike traditional zonal-mean diagnostics, the regional HC captures the three-dimensional structure of its interaction with the subtropical jet (STJ), which generates the Rossby wave sources. In winter, the descending branch of the ENSO-induced HC anomaly aligns with the exit of the intensified and eastward-extended STJ. This alignment enhances divergence anomalies, amplifies the Rossby wave source, and drives a stronger downstream teleconnection. In contrast, during autumn, the weaker and polewardshifted STJ is poorly coupled with the regional HC, limiting wave source generation and weakening the response. This contrast is well captured in observation-based analyses and further validated by numerical model experiments, emphasizing the critical role of regional HC-STJ interaction in shaping ENSO teleconnection seasonality and clarifying the associated Rossby wave dynamics.

Source

JOURNAL OF CLIMATE

Volume39Issue9Page2157-2169

DOI10.1175/JCLI-D-25-0462.1

2026年5月

Rod-Pipe-Climbing Soft Robot With Transitioning Locomotion

Wu, JX (Wu, Jiaxi); Wu, MX (Wu, Mingxin); Wang, C (Wang, Chen); Xie, GM (Xie, Guangming)

Abstract

Inspired by nature, researchers have created climbing robots with impressive performances. However, most existing soft climbing robots remain limited by their single functionality: they can either move along rods or within pipes, but typically cannot operate in both environments. Achieving smooth transitions between rods and pipes is even more challenging, restricting their deployment in practical scenarios. In this work, we propose a soft climbing robot using fabric-stacking pneumatic actuators, capable of climbing on rods, crawling inside pipes, and transitioning between rods and pipes. The robot's body consists of two parallel fabric-stacking stretching actuators, which can stretch from an initial length of 8.8 mm to 166.4 mm, with a stretching ratio of 17.9. The robot's foot, comprised of two zig-zag-shaped bending actuators, can grasp rods and support the inner walls of pipes by regulating air pressures. By coordinating the body with the front and hind feet, the robot can climb both vertical and curved rods and pipes. Furthermore, we demonstrate the robot's ability to transition between two rods, two pipes, and between a pole and a tube-to the best of our knowledge, a capability not yet achieved by existing soft climbing robots.

Source

IEEE-ASME TRANSACTIONS ON MECHATRONICS

DOI10.1109/TMECH.2026.3688602

2026年5月

Real-time position and orientation estimation in dual self-propelled swimmers using artificial lateral line systems with intermittent swimming strategy

Liu, RS (Liu, Ruosi); Zhai, YF (Zhai, Yufan); Huang, QM (Huang, Qianming); Ding, ZY (Ding, Zhenyu); Ding, Y (Ding, Yang); Xie, GM (Xie, Guangming)  

Abstract

In nature, fish leverage lateral lines to detect subtle variations in flow velocity and pressure. Inspired by this, artificial lateral line systems (ALLS) have been developed, with notable success in underwater target recognition and localization. However, due to the inherent complexity of fluid dynamics, the perceptual capabilities of current systems remain significantly inferior to those of real fish, typically limited to detecting simple objects under fixed spatial configurations between the perceiver and target. In this work, the perception capabilities of ALLS are extended to a more challenging scenario, wherein a free-swimming robotic boxfish is enabled to estimate, in real time, both the position and orientation of a free-swimming robotic koi carp. To improve signal fidelity, a bio-inspired intermittent swimming pattern is introduced to reduce the impact of the perceiver's own oscillations on the flow field and suppress sensor noise. A hybrid network architecture is proposed to extract informative features from complex vortex-induced pressure signals, wherein an attention mechanism is incorporated to facilitate enhanced spatiotemporal feature extraction across sensor channels. This architecture outperforms conventional models in both accuracy and efficiency. Extensive experiments on both Computational Fluid Dynamics and real-world platforms demonstrate that the perceiver can precisely infer the target's position and orientation from local pressure data alone. These results affirm the robustness of the proposed method and shed light on the intermittent behaviors in real fish, offering new avenues for bio-inspired robotic perception.

Source

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ROBOTICS RESEARCH

DOI10.1177/02783649261442970

2026年5月

Evolution of Indian Summer Monsoon Across the Mid-Pleistocene Transition: Evidence From Planktic Foraminifera Records at IODP 353 Site U1448 in the Andaman Sea

Lin, JJ (Lin, Jiajian); Ding, X (Ding, Xuan); Pang, XL (Pang, Xiaolei); Wu, Y (Wu, Yu); Gong, L (Gong, Li); Gao, L (Gao, Liang); Zhou, LP (Zhou, Liping)

Abstract

The Indian summer monsoon (ISM) is crucial in interhemispheric heat and moisture transport, significantly impacting South Asia's climate and environment. However, long-term ISM variability remains poorly understood. We reconstruct paleosalinity and paleoproductivity over the past 1.45 myrs using planktonic foraminiferal assemblages from sediment cores of Site U1448 drilled off the SW Andaman Sea. A comparison with Site U1446 in the Bay of Bengal (BoB) reveals a clear shift in the salinity across the mid-Pleistocene transition (MPT), with larger salinity difference between the two sites during the pre-MPT than the post-MPT time. We speculate that the larger salinity difference may be attributed to a more northerly position of the Intertropical Convergence Zone driven by the interhemispheric thermal gradients. Prior to the MPT, the paleoproductivity parameters of U1448 all suggest a relatively weak ISM activity. After the MPT, a new pattern of variation in productivity and salinity gradient is developed along with an overall intensified regime of ISM in the region. This reorganization at similar to 0.9 Ma reflects a pronounced regional hydroclimatic threshold amidst the broader MPT. There exists regional heterogeneity in obliquity signals displayed by the change in the salinity difference between the Andaman Sea and the BoB, which underscores the importance of localized monsoon-climate interactions in the northeastern Indian Ocean. We suggest that the significant reorganization of the ISM across the MPT reflect complex interplay among monsoon system, external forcing and internal feedback, and ocean-atmosphere dynamics in the region.

Source

PALEOCEANOGRAPHY AND PALEOCLIMATOLOGY

Volume41Issue5

DOI10.1029/2025PA005197

2026年5月

Research Advances in Amphibious Cross-medium Bionic Robots

Bo-Yang QIN, Lei LI, Shi-Han KONG, Jun-Zhi YU

Abstract

Amphibious robots, capable of cross-medium locomotion, exhibit considerable potential and prospects in applications such as inspection, reconnaissance, and ecological monitoring. Drawing inspiration from the morphological structure and locomotion strategies of amphibious animals, bionics provides essential design principles for enhancing environmental adaptability and maneuverability of robots. This paper first presents a systematic review of representative amphibious organisms with diverse morphological characteristics and elucidates the bidirectional interaction between propulsion mechanisms and robotic design. Subsequently, using propulsion strategy as the primary classification criterion, existing amphibious robots are categorized into two main types. The first type utilizes unified actuation with single propulsion mechanisms, including fin propulsion, rigid limb propulsion, flexible limb propulsion, and continuous body wave propulsion. The second type adopts hybrid propulsion mechanisms that employ distinct actuation modes. Representative prototypes of bionic amphibious robots for each category are introduced, followed by an analysis of their adaptability and efficacy across different media. Furthermore, the current development state of key enabling technologies, including perception, actuation, and control, is comprehensively reviewed, and the commonalities and differences of control strategies under different propulsion modes are compared. Finally, by incorporating emerging concepts such as cross-medium multi-scenario locomotion, embodied intelligence, and physical intelligence, this paper discusses future research directions and potential application prospects for bionic amphibious robots.

© 2026 Science Press. All rights reserved.

Source

Zidonghua Xuebao/Acta Automatica Sinica, Volume 52, Issue 5, Pages 882-908, May 2026

DOI10.16383/j.aas.c250507

2026年6月

A geometric optimization framework for a bio-inspired flexible hydrofoil energy harvester

Muhammad Hamza, Ahsan Tanveer, Waqar Hussain Afridi, Rahdar Hussain Afridi, Li Jie, Chen Wang, Guangming Xi

Abstract

Conventional flow-induced energy harvesters often rely on idealized NACA foils or simplified shapes that omit key morphological features of natural swimmers—such as curvature, camber variation, and tapering—that govern vortex capture and pressure recovery. Recognizing the performance advantages embedded in these biological traits and building on vortex-exploitation strategies observed in Kármán gaiting, this study develops a koi-carp-derived flexible hydrofoil and systematically optimizes its geometry for bio-inspired flow-energy harvesting. A compact parametric representation of the fish cross-section is formulated, enabling direct geometric manipulation and surrogate-based refinement of the foil's thickness distribution. Two-way coupled fluid–structure interaction (FSI) simulations evaluate sampled geometries and train a data-driven surrogate model, forming the basis of a multi-objective optimization strategy that enhances synchronization with the unsteady bluff-body wake. FSI comparisons show that the real fish foil outperforms canonical NACA profiles by up to 157% in harvested mechanical power, while the optimized hydrofoil achieves a further 122% increase. Fabricated foils were tested in a controlled water channel, where the optimized configuration delivered up to 30% higher electrical output with reduced numerical drag. A four-foil hydroelastic cascade harvester (HCH) deployed downstream of a bluff body produced a cumulative output of 2.34 μW and a peak single-foil power of 0.713 μW. Field deployment in a natural stream generated 3.82 mJ of electrical energy over 1 h under low-velocity conditions, confirming stable passive operation. These results demonstrate that biologically derived geometry and surrogate-based optimization enable compact, fully passive hydroelastic harvesters for low-power underwater sensing and distributed flow-energy conversion.

Source

Energy, Volume 353, June 15, 2026

DOI10.1016/j.energy.2026.140825

2026年6月

Preseason ENSO signals and the underlying mechanisms driving soybean yield anomaly in the Americas

Li, Menghan; Li, Xichen

Abstract

Soybean production is heavily concentrated in the United States, Brazil, and Argentina, making global supply sensitive to climate variability. Most studies emphasize El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) impacts during the growing season, but whether ENSO provides useful predictability well before planting and through which pathways remains unclear. Here we assess the preseason influence of ENSO on soybean yield anomalies across the three leading producing countries using gridded yields and observed/reanalysis climate data for 1981-2016. We find that ENSO-related sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies can affect soybean yields 10-17 months before harvest, with strong preseason signals in the United States and Argentina and weak relationships in Brazil. In the United States, a warm Nino3.4 phase is followed by Indian Ocean warming and upper-level circulation anomalies consistent with Rossby-wave forcing, favoring reduced precipitation, lower root-zone soil moisture, and higher maximum temperature during the reproductive stage, which is associated with yield declines. In Argentina, the preseason signal is more spatially uniform and consistent with ENSO persistence and tropical South Atlantic SST variability, which modulate moisture transport and produce cooler, cloudier, and wetter conditions during the reproductive stage, increasing soil moisture and supporting higher yields. These results show that cross-seasonal ENSO signals can shape soybean-growing conditions well before the season begins, offering potential for longer-lead risk outlooks. Uncertainties remain due to errors in gridded yield estimates and the lack of explicit representation of management and other non-climatic yield drivers.

Source

EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF AGRONOMY

Volume177

DOI10.1016/j.eja.2026.128077

2026年6月

Mechanisms Governing Phosphorus Dynamics in the Yellow River: The Role of Damming and the Water-Sediment Regulation Scheme

Liu, GWC (Liu, Guowangchen); Li, DF (Li, Dongfeng); Fang, CH (Fang, Cihong); Guo, ZQ (Guo, Ziqi); Luo, YZ (Luo, Yingzhong); Deng, R (Deng, Rui)

Abstract

Phosphorus is a critical nutrient for freshwater ecosystem health, yet the interactive effects of dam operation and anthropogenic pollution on water-sediment-phosphorus dynamics in sediment-rich river systems remain poorly characterized. This study analyzes the spatiotemporal heterogeneity of total phosphorus (TP) concentration (TPC) and flux (TPF) across the Yellow River during 2006-2022, to investigate the mechanisms by which damming and Water-Sediment Regulation Scheme (WSRS) reshape water-sediment-phosphorus dynamics. Our findings reveal that damming reduced the phosphorus transport capacity by similar to 60% compared with non-dam-influenced reaches during 2006-2015. As reservoir sedimentation progressed and the WSRS was implemented, the TP in the middle reach gradually recovered, leading to a substantial increase in TPC during 2016-2022. The Xiaolangdi mega-reservoir substantially disrupts the synchronization of water-sediment-phosphorus relationship due to large storage capacity, extended hydraulic retention time, and complex WSRS. We suspect that damming induces an approximately 6-year time lag effect between the cumulative pollution source input and the net TPF. The study emphasizes that global management of dammed rivers should shift from simple source control and water-sediment regulation toward an integrated strategy encompassing legacy phosphorus management and multi-objective reservoir operation.

Source

WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH

Volume62Issue7

DOI10.1029/2025WR042724

2026年6月

Effects of Wintertime Snow Depth Assimilation on Summertime Sea Ice Prediction Experiments Utilizing a Fully Coupled Regional Arctic Model With Perfect Boundary Conditions

Liang, X (Liang, Xi); Liu, CY (Liu, Chengyan); Li, XC (Li, Xichen); Tian, ZX (Tian, Zhongxiang); Ding, ZM (Ding, Zhuoming); Zhao, F (Zhao, Fu); Li, M (Li, Ming); Liu, N (Liu, Na); Huang, JY (Huang, Jiaying)

Abstract

During the past decades, the rapid decline of sea ice in the Arctic Ocean has substantially favored commercial navigation activities in the summertime. Numerical sea ice prediction on a seasonal scale plays a crucial role in guiding the programme of such activities, yet the role of snow depth data assimilation in numerical sea ice prediction has not been clearly addressed in previous studies. With the aid of a coupled Arctic sea ice-ocean-atmosphere modeling system, two sets of runs have been conducted: one assimilates sea ice concentration, sea ice thickness, and sea surface temperature in the ice-free region; the other one also assimilates snow depth overlying the ice synchronously. We have found that driven by perfect boundary conditions, wintertime snow depth assimilation generally has a positive effect on the September sea ice prediction initialized in early June, and the positive effect gradually weakens along with the delay of prediction onset from early June to early August. The effect has an intimate relationship with the changes in sea ice thickness and snow depth in the model state at the prediction onset, which eventually affects September sea ice prediction in the coupled system via model physics.

Source

JOURNAL OF ADVANCES IN MODELING EARTH SYSTEMS

Volume18Issue7

DOI10.1029/2025MS005521

2026年6月

Toward Gripper-Integrated Active Electrosense for Pre-Contact Sensing in Underwater Soft Grippers

Tanveer, Ahsan; Hamzo, Muhammad; Afridi, Wagar Hussain; Wang, Chen; Xie, Guangming

Abstract

Underwater manipulation often occurs under degraded visibility due to turbidity, glare, and gripper occlusion, limiting the reliability of vision-based perception during approach and grasping. In such settings, soft grippers are well suited for compliant interaction, but they typically lack an onboard pre-contact cue that can guide approach and closure when vision is unreliable. This extended abstract explores active electrosense as a lightweight sensing modality that can provide a proximity-like signal prior to contact by measuring perturbations of an applied electric field in conductive media. We instrument an octopus-inspired gripper with a discrete electrode layout and record multi-channel sensing voltages using off-the-shelf hardware. Simulation and tank experiments with a suspended conductive sphere show structured, object-dependent changes in the multi-electrode voltage readout relative to empty-water baselines, with detectability varying across excitation of 5 to 20 V and frequencies from 1 mHz to 1 kHz. These findings motivate systematic investigation of gripper-integrated electrosense as a complementary pre-contact cue for underwater soft manipulation.

Source

arXiv, June 2, 2026

DOI10.48550/arXiv.2606.03204

2026年7月

Effects of nutrient enrichment on microbial accumulation of RDOC: A microcosm experiment using long-term incubated inert waters

Lu, Xi; Zhang, Mengdie; Lin, Siheng; Hu, Chen

Abstract

Climate change mitigation increasingly relies on understanding the ocean's role as a major carbon sink, in which plankton-mediated processes - particularly the microbial carbon pump (MCP) - facilitate the transformation of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) into refractory forms that support long-term carbon sequestration. Here, we examined the effects of nutrient enrichment on MCP efficiency using a 33-day dark microcosm incubation of long-term incubated inert waters amended with graded nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations. Our results suggest that high nutrient enrichment may override chemical constraints on refractory DOC (RDOC) utilization, facilitating its conversion into more bioavailable forms. Nutrient addition also triggered marked microbial community succession, favoring taxa such as Bacteroidota, known for efficient degradation of complex organic matter. These shifts enhanced DOC consumption and accelerated carbon turnover, ultimately reducing RDOC accumulation via MCP pathways. Collectively, these findings highlight how nutrient loading and eutrophication can restructure plankton community dynamics and DOC transformation pathways, with implications for predicting the resilience of marine ecosystems and their long-term carbon sequestration capacity under intensified human activities and climate change.

Source

MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN

Volume228

DOI10.1016/j.marpolbul.2026.119539

2026年7月

MErSiM v1.0: resolving biases in global silicate weathering model with a data-driven surface erosion module

Zhao, JX (Zhao, Jiaxi); Liu, YG (Liu, Yonggang); Hu, YY (Hu, Yongyun)

Abstract

The silicate weathering feedback is a key planetary thermostat regulating Earth's long-term climate, yet process-based models of this mechanism suffer from biases. The widely-used weathering model framework of Gabet and Mudd (2009), when driven by stream power erosion laws (e.g., in GEOCLIM models), systematically overestimates weathering fluxes in the tropics and predicts a global Ca + Mg silicate-weathering flux nearly double the observation-based estimates. This study demonstrates that this discrepancy partially originates from a poorly constrained erosion submodule. To resolve this, we developed a new global erosion model using a Random Forest algorithm trained on similar to 4000 10Be-derived, basin-averaged erosion rates. Our data-driven model explains 90 % of the variance in the observational erosion data, far exceeding the performance of the traditional Stream Power Incision Model (SPIM) and other existing approaches. By integrating this newly developed erosion module into a commonly used framework, we created a revised silicate weathering model, named MErSiM v1.0 (Machine-learning derived Erosion and Silicate-weathering Model). This new model successfully eliminates the systematic tropical overestimation, and its predicted global Ca + Mg flux (similar to 3.1 & times; 1012 mol C yr-1) is now in better agreement with the modern large-river observations. More fundamentally, MErSiM resolves a critical trade-off in the original framework, now able to simultaneously match both the global Ca + Mg flux and the watershed-scale spatial pattern of weathering. Sensitivity experiments reveal that while MErSiM's response to glacial-interglacial climate change is comparable to previous work, its feedback to intense warming (4 & times;CO2) is profoundly attenuated (a 42 % increase vs. 149 % in the original model). This dampened sensitivity stems from a structural shift to a more supply-limited weathering regime, a finding supported by a newly calibrated set of "sluggish" chemical kinetic parameters. This work delivers a comprehensively evaluated and observationally constrained model, which suggests that the silicate weathering feedback may be a weaker climate stabilizer under extreme greenhouse conditions than previously thought.

Source

GEOSCIENTIFIC MODEL DEVELOPMENT

Volume19Issue14Page6857-6878

DOI10.5194/gmd-19-6857-2026

2026年7月

Cross-seasonal linkages between the autumn Antarctic oscillation and subsequent soybean yield in China

Zhou, Y (Zhou, Yi); Zhang, D (Zhang, Duan); Zhang, TY (Zhang, Tianyi); Li, XC (Li, Xichen)

Abstract

Given China's pivotal role in the global soybean trade market, understanding how climate variability affects China's soybean production is critical for the nation's strategic planning in food security and agricultural policies. Our research analyzes the relationship between the Antarctic Oscillation (AAO) and soybean yield in China. By employing statistical methods, we identified a significant positive correlation between AAO in the autumn (August-October) of the year before harvest and China's soybean yield, explaining over a quarter of the national average yield anomalies. Provincial-level analysis revealed this relationship mainly originated from the AAO's relationship with specific northern provinces. During the spring and summer growing seasons, the fluctuations of key agrometeorological factors in these provinces associated with the AAO were consistently favorable for increased soybean yields. Further investigation indicates that winter Barents Sea ice concentration and summer North Atlantic sea surface temperature anomalies may explain how the AAO can influence key agrometeorological factors with a delay of several months. These findings highlight the importance of understanding the delayed effects of climate interactions between hemispheres on agricultural yields. Moreover, these findings offer critical insights for understanding the drivers of fluctuations in China's soybean production, which has significant implications for shaping food trade policies and ensuring national food security.

Source

ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LETTERS

Volume21Issue13

DOI10.1088/1748-9326/ae7b64

2026年7月

Amundsen-Bellingshausen sea ice loss drives surface cooling over Southern Africa

Ma, WH (Ma, Weihan); Xiao, CD (Xiao, Cunde); Wang, Y (Wang, Ya); Man, K (Man, Kai); Xu, MH (Xu, Mohan); Li, XC (Li, Xichen)

Abstract

The Amundsen-Bellingshausen seas (ABS) exhibit the strongest interannual variability of Antarctic sea ice and are the only sector showing a sustained decline during the satellite era. However, whether such regional sea ice variability can generate robust atmospheric teleconnections remains unclear. Here we identify an extratropical teleconnection linking ABS sea ice loss to surface cooling over southern Africa during austral spring that operates largely independent of tropical Indo-Pacific forcing. Sea ice reduction induces localized lower-tropospheric heating that excites a stationary Rossby wave train propagating northeastward across the South Atlantic. The resulting circulation anomalies modulate temperature advection and cloud-radiation processes, producing widespread continental cooling over southern Africa. Atmospheric model experiments and idealized dynamical simulations reproduce the wave response and isolate the underlying dynamical mechanism. These results suggest a previously unrecognized pathway through which regional Antarctic sea-ice variability can influence subtropical climate in the Southern Hemisphere.

Source

ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LETTERS

Volume21Issue12

DOI10.1088/1748-9326/ae7391

2026年7月

Tropical oceans drive decadal trends in surface mass balance over Wilkes Land, East Antarctica

Man, K (Man, Kai); Li, XC (Li, Xichen); Wang, YT (Wang, Yetang); Shi, GT (Shi, Guitao); Geng, L (Geng, Lei); Wang, YH (Wang, Yonghao); Miao, YJ (Miao, Yujie); Ma, WH (Ma, Weihan)

Abstract

The East Antarctic Ice Sheet, once considered stable, has experienced mass loss in recent decades, with regional disparities in surface mass balance (SMB) trends playing a significant role. This study investigates the multi-decadal SMB trend in Wilkes Land, East Antarctica, utilizing ice core records, modeled reconstructions and reanalysis datasets. We provide robust evidence for a declining trend in SMB over Wilkes Land during 1979-2012, primarily driven by decreasing precipitation. Statistical analysis and atmospheric model experiments reveal that this trend is largely influenced by the multi-decadal warming of the tropical Atlantic and Indian Oceans, while the cooling of the eastern tropical Pacific appears to have a limited impact. The warming of the tropical Atlantic and Indian Oceans generates Rossby waves that propagate towards Wilkes Land, inducing cyclonic anomalies and reducing moisture transport from the ocean to the ice sheet. These findings highlight the crucial role of tropical-polar teleconnections in shaping regional hydroclimate variability in East Antarctica on multi-decadal timescales, reveal a basin-dependent contrast in the tropical drivers of Antarctic climate variability, and have important implications for future projections of Antarctic Ice Sheet mass change.

Source

CLIMATE DYNAMICS

Volume64Issue7

DOI10.1007/s00382-026-08251-8

2026年7月

Effect of regional Hadley circulation-subtropical jet interaction: enhancement of the Central-Pacific ENSO teleconnection in the Southern Hemisphere

Ma, WH (Ma, Weihan); Feng, J (Feng, Juan); Miao, YJ (Miao, Yujie); Wang, WQ (Wang, Weiqi); Li, XC (Li, Xichen)

Abstract

El Ni & ntilde;o-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is a primary driver of Southern Hemisphere circulation variability, yet the dynamical origin of the stronger teleconnections associated with Central-Pacific (CP) events relative to Eastern-Pacific (EP) events remains incompletely understood. Using reanalysis data and numerical experiments, we show that this contrast arises from the interaction between the regional Hadley circulation (HC) and the subtropical jet (STJ). This interaction depends on their three-dimensional alignment and therefore cannot be adequately captured by traditional zonal-mean HC diagnostics. During austral winter, the CP-related Pacific regional HC intensifies and extends poleward, aligning enhanced upper-tropospheric divergence with the STJ core. This alignment allows divergence anomalies to project more efficiently onto the climatological vorticity field associated with the STJ, thereby generating a stronger Rossby wave source. In addition, regional HC-driven meridional heat transport modifies the STJ structure and Rossby wave number, thereby strengthening the waveguide and enabling more efficient poleward propagation of the stationary wave train. In contrast, EP ENSO is associated with weaker and more tropically confined HC anomalies, resulting in less effective alignment with the STJ and limited downstream wave-train propagation. These results identify regional HC-STJ coupling as a key dynamical perspective for understanding ENSO teleconnection diversity and highlight its relevance given the projected increase in CP ENSO occurrence under climate change.

Source

CLIMATE DYNAMICS

Volume64Issue8

DOI10.1007/s00382-026-08228-7

2026年7月

Greenhouse warming exacerbates El Niño-induced Indian monsoon droughts

Zhao, YT (Zhao, Yutong); Wang, T (Wang, Tao); Xu, CY (Xu, Chaoyi); Li, XC (Li, Xichen); Piao, SL (Piao, Shilong); Yao, TD (Yao, Tandong)

Abstract

The inverse relationship between the El Ni & ntilde;o-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and the Indian summer monsoon has weakened since the early 1980s. Here, we demonstrate that the historical weakening of the ENSO-monsoon relationship was caused by two unusual events (in 1983 and 1997), and greenhouse warming has actually strengthened rather than weakened this link between 1902 and 2023 and is projected to continue doing so. However, confidence in the projection of this enhancement remains relatively low. We attribute the model spread in ENSO-monsoon links to variations in ENSO-induced Walker circulation anomalies, primarily through zonal wind feedback processes. Through the use of multiple observations to constrain such atmospheric dynamic processes, we find that the observation-constrained sensitivity of monsoons to the ENSO by the end of this century will become almost 40% greater than that from 1963-2023. Such intensification occurs because, even if the degree of El Ni & ntilde;o-induced sea surface warming remains unchanged, the response of tropical precipitation to sea surface warming will increase, causing further eastward displacement of Walker circulation anomalies and an increased subsidence over the Indian subcontinent, which will reduce monsoon precipitation further. Our findings suggest intensified hydrological extremes and increased risks for food security in India in a warmer future.

Source

NATURE COMMUNICATIONS

Volume17Issue1

DOI10.1038/s41467-026-76049-7

2026年7月

Three-dimensional Ocean Dynamics and Detectability of Tidally Locked Lava Worlds

Lai, YH (Lai, Yanhong); Kang, WY (Kang, Wanying); Yang, J (Yang, Jun); Tan, XY (Tan, Xianyu)

Abstract

Tidally locked lava planets are hot, rocky worlds on close-in orbits with a permanent molten dayside. With JWST, their surfaces and atmospheres are beginning to be revealed. This work investigates three-dimensional (3D) magma ocean dynamics, derives scaling laws for the resulting ocean heat transport, and predicts its detectability. For the first time, the ocean circulation driven by the intense momentum and mass exchanges with the supersonic atmosphere is considered in addition to that by thermal forcing. The wind forcing turns out to overwhelmingly dominate the other two mechanisms, driving ocean currents reaching similar to 100 m s-1 and greatly expanding the latitudinal extent of the Matsuno-Gill response. Despite these extreme flow speeds, scaling analysis and 3D simulations consistently demonstrate that magma ocean circulation alone does not produce an observable hot-spot offset. This inefficiency arises because basin geometry and circulation structure fundamentally constrain zonal heat redistribution, suppressing large-scale longitudinal transport even under vigorous flow.

Source

ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL

Volume1005Issue1

DOI10.3847/1538-4357/ae771b

2026年8月

Climate warming and atmospheric deposition jointly accelerate the Antarctic Peninsula atmosphere-glacier-land-ocean mercury loop

Zhou, CZ (Zhou, Chengzhen); Liu, MD (Liu, Maodian); Zhang, QR (Zhang, Qianru) ; Zhang, NH (Zhang, Nikki H.) ; Wang, XJ (Wang, Xuejun)

Abstract

Mercury (Hg) is a toxic pollutant of global concern that threatens ecosystem and human health. Its cycle is being jointly reshaped by anthropogenic emissions and polar warming, yet the response of the Antarctic system remains poorly constrained. Here, we reconstruct the past 200 y of Hg source-sink dynamics in the Antarctic Peninsula (AP), Antarctica's fastest-warming region with the most pronounced glacier melting, by combining geochemical and isotopic records from 16 sediment cores collected across the AP shelf, with a developed observation-constrained multimedia Hg budget model. We find that despite its remoteness from anthropogenic emission sources, the modern AP shelf exhibits an Hg accumulation rate of 93 +/- 58 & micro;g m-2 y-1, twice the global shelf average. Since industrialization, this accumulation rate has increased by 160%, making the AP one of the major hotspots of marine Hg enrichment. The model further reveals that this acceleration is driven by two coupled mechanisms: 1) enhanced atmospheric deposition and expanding open water strengthen the direct uptake of atmospheric Hg by seawater within the atmosphere-ocean loop, and 2) ice melt and erosion activate the long-overlooked atmosphere-glacier-land-ocean loop, remobilizing legacy Hg stored on land. The coupling of these two loops has increased ice melt-driven terrestrial Hg release by 550% and air-sea exchange by 350%. Thus, climate warming is turning the large historical Hg reservoir in Antarctica into an active secondary pollution source, amplifying polar Hg pollution risk.

Source

PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

Volume123Issue31

DOI10.1073/pnas.2613472123

2026年8月

Power expenditure of two undulating swimmers at biologically relevant arrangements

Chao, LM (Chao, Li-Ming); Zhai, YF (Zhai, Yufan); Wang, XM (Wang, Xiaomin); Bao, Y (Bao, Yan); Baoyin, HX (Baoyin, Hexi); Xie, GM (Xie, Guangming); Li, L (Li, Liang)

Abstract

Previous studies of collective fish swimming have largely focused on hydrodynamic interactions at close arrangements, whereas real fish typically swim at relatively larger arrangements. Motivated by biologically observed pairwise configurations, we numerically investigate the hydrodynamic interactions and energetic costs of two undulating swimmers over a range of separations and phase differences. Our results demonstrate that collective swimming can yield energetic benefits even at large separations, with cross-streamwise distances of up to 1.10 body lengths. In particular, side-by-side configurations exhibit nearly identical energetic performance for mirrored neighbour positions, consistent with the symmetry of the present configuration and accompanied by corresponding symmetric wake structures. In addition, we identify that staggered configurations can be effected by far-field wake-shape modulation rather than direct vortex merging or cancellation. These findings provide new insight into wake-mediated interactions at biologically relevant arrangements and contribute to a fluid-dynamic understanding of collective swimming in fish.

Source

OCEAN ENGINEERING

Volume363Part2

DOI10.1016/j.oceaneng.2026.126615

2026年9月

Stratigraphic rationale for rejecting the Anthropocene epoch proposal

Zhou, LP (Zhou, Liping); Bertini, A (Bertini, Adele)

Source

NATURE REVIEWS EARTH & ENVIRONMENT

Volume7Issue9Page565-566

DOI10.1038/s43017-026-00822-x

2026年9月

Evaluating AMIP6 Models of the Indian Ocean-North America Teleconnection Associated with the Indian Ocean Basin Mode

Zhang, D (Zhang, Duan); Hou, YR (Hou, Yurong); Li, XC (Li, Xichen)

Abstract

Tropical-extratropical teleconnections play a central role in shaping the North American winter climate, with most previous studies focusing on influences from the tropical Pacific. Recent studies suggest a wintertime Indian Ocean-North America (INA) teleconnection associated with the Indian Ocean Basin Mode (IOBM), yet its robustness across climate models remains uncertain. By employing multiple atmospheric reanalysis datasets and AMIP6 models, this study evaluates the atmospheric circulation and surface climate responses linked to the IOBM. Reanalysis datasets consistently reveal a coherent North Pacific-North American circulation pattern, accompanied by a zonally asymmetric surface temperature response. The AMIP multi-model ensemble mean reproduces the overall spatial structure and vertical coherence of this teleconnection, while exhibiting regional differences in amplitude. Using self-organizing map analysis, the AMIP models are classified into four distinct circulation response patterns, which may be associated with variations in the strength and axial position of the upper-tropospheric jet. These results support the robustness of the INA teleconnection across models and offer insight into the representation of Indian Ocean-driven climate variability in atmospheric simulations.

Source

ADVANCES IN ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES

Volume43Issue9Page1829-1842

DOI10.1007/s00376-026-6072-y

2026年9月

Hydroclimatic-driven pulse enrichment amplifies riverine microplastic export in developing countries

Qin, HH (Qin, Hehao); Liu, MD (Liu, Maodian); Zhang, YX (Zhang, Yanxu); Zhang, QR (Zhang, Qianru); Xiao, CH (Xiao, Changhao); Zhou, CZ (Zhou, Chengzhen); Cai, XR (Cai, Xingrui); Qiu, XR (Qiu, Xinran); Wang, XJ (Wang, Xuejun)

Abstract

Rivers are key conduits in the global microplastic cycle, but how much they export to ` ocean and what controls this export remain unresolved. Here, we present a global daily dataset of riverine microplastic concentrations and exports and find that rivers delivered far more microplastics to the ocean than most previous estimates suggest. Ninety-six percent of this export originated in the Global South, with Southeast and East Asia contributing >50% of the total flux. Furthermore, similar to 70% of global freshwater discharge exhibits "pulse enrichment," whereby rainfall-driven high flows trigger spikes in microplastic concentrations and fluxes; 80% of these cases occur in developing countries. Without stronger upstream controls on plastic production and waste management, climate-driven increases in extreme rainfall may intensify these pulses, worsening marine microplastic pollution.

Source

SCIENCE

Volume393Issue6816

DOI10.1126/science.aeb4487

2026年9月

Decoupling greenhouse gas and paleogeographic effects on Pacific decadal climate variability

Wu, S (Wu, Sheng); Zhang, J (Zhang, Jian); Hu, YY (Hu, Yongyun); Liu, YG (Liu, Yonggang)

Abstract

Pacific decadal variability (PDV) influences not only circum-Pacific regions but also global climate, yet its evolution and controlling factors on geological timescales remain unclear. The response of PDV amplitude to greenhouse gas forcing has been relatively well studied, while little is known about how paleogeographic changes regulate PDV amplitude. Using CESM paleoclimate simulations spanning 18 geological time slices from 170 Ma to the present, we quantitatively decompose the relative importance of greenhouse gases versus land-sea configuration in regulating PDV evolution. We divide the entire period into two phases: Post-Pangaea Dispersal (170-90 Ma) and Pre-Amasia Convergence (80-0 Ma). During the earlier phase, greenhouse gases and land-sea configuration have comparable influences on PDV amplitude (-0.06 and-0.07 degrees C/100 Ma, respectively). In contrast, the later phase is dominated by greenhouse gas forcing (+0.07 degrees C/100 Ma), with land-sea configuration playing a dampening role (-0.02 degrees C/100 Ma). We further show that paleogeography modulates PDV amplitude through two mechanisms: background temperature is negatively correlated with PDV amplitude, whereas ocean basin width is positively correlated. Our findings highlight that both greenhouse gases and paleogeographic evolution regulate Pacific decadal variability amplitude through modulation of upper-ocean stratification.

Source

GLOBAL AND PLANETARY CHANGE

Volume264

DOI10.1016/j.gloplacha.2026.105558

2026年10月

Electrosensing-based three-dimensional localization and obstacle avoidance for underwater robots with a mobile surface beacon in shallow-water environments

Chen, TS (Chen, Tansheng); Liu, PH (Liu, Penghui); Gao, YY (Gao, Yangyan) ; Xie, XH (Xie, Xinhao); Sun, SN (Sun, Sinuo); Wang, C (Wang, Chen); Xie, GM (Xie, Guangming)

Abstract

Accurate localization and reliable obstacle avoidance remain challenging for underwater robots in shallow and unstructured environments, where optical sensing can be degraded by light attenuation and turbidity, while acoustic sensing may be affected by multipath propagation and environmental noise. Weakly electric fish exploit externally generated electric-field signals for passive electrosensing and electrocommunication, and actively emit and receive self-generated electric signals to perceive nearby objects in turbid and confined aquatic environments. Inspired by these capabilities, this study proposes a surface-beacon-based electrosensing system that supports passive electrosensing, active electrosensing, and electrocommunication for three-dimensional (3D) localization and obstacle avoidance. Using the surface-beacon pose and passive electric-field measurements, a particle filter corrects the motion prior from robot dynamics, inertial measurements, and pressure sensing to estimate the 3D position of the underwater robot. For local perception, a multi-electrode active electrosensing module detects nearby obstacles and infers their spatial distribution. A rule-based 3D avoidance strategy was developed to support adaptive navigation behaviors, including vertical avoidance, obstacle bypassing, and pipe tracking. A key contribution of this study is the frequency-separated implementation of electric-field signals for passive localization, active perception, and surface-underwater communication, thereby reducing mutual interference among these functions. Experimental validation was conducted through two separate water-tank experiments using custom-built robots. The results demonstrate that the proposed methods improve localization accuracy compared with the motion-prior estimate and enable reliable obstacle avoidance in confined underwater scenarios. These results highlight the potential of bio-inspired electrosensing as a complementary near-field sensing modality to conventional optical and acoustic approaches, particularly in confined, visually degraded, or acoustically complex shallow-water environments, and provide a practical foundation for future deployment in real-world marine applications.

Source

BIOINSPIRATION & BIOMIMETICS

Volume21Issue5

DOI10.1088/1748-3190/ae9d1e

2026年10月

Tropical Teleconnection Influences on Decadal Trends in West Antarctic Surface Mass Balance

Man, K (Man, Kai); Li, XC (Li, Xichen); Luterbacher, J (Luterbacher, Jurg); Geng, L (Geng, Lei); Yuan, NM (Yuan, Naiming); Hou, YR (Hou, Yurong); Wang, YH (Wang, Yonghao); Miao, YJ (Miao, Yujie)

Abstract

The surface mass balance (SMB) of the Antarctic Ice Sheet is a critical factor influencing global mean sea level rise and has substantial implications for future projections of sea level rise. In recent decades, the Antarctic Ice Sheet SMB trends show pronounced regional disparities, marked by a decrease over the western part but an increase over the eastern part of West Antarctica. Through a synthesis of ice core records and fi five reanalysis datasets, as well as atmospheric dynamics analysis and numerical model simulations, we demonstrate that the multidecadal trends in tropical sea surface temperature are key drivers of the dipole-like SMB trends in West Antarctica. Specifically, the eastern tropical Pacific cooling associated with the phase changes of the interdecadal Pacific oscillation (IPO) and the tropical Atlantic warming associated with the Atlantic multidecadal oscillation (AMO) can modulate tropical convection and latent-heating anomalies, thereby stimulating Rossby wave trains propagating to West Antarctica, resulting in the contrasting moisture divergence and precipitation changes between the western and eastern parts of West Antarctica. In particular, the statistical analysis and model simulations clarify the seasonality of these teleconnections. Both the Pacific and Atlantic contribute to the dipole-like SMB pattern during austral spring and autumn, while the Pacific is the major contributor during austral summer. Our fi findings have broad implications for understanding the recent observed SMB trends as well as future projections of Antarctic SMB changes and consequent global sea level rise.

Source

JOURNAL OF CLIMATE

Volume39Issue19Page5717-5733

DOI10.1175/JCLI-D-25-0602.s1

2026年10月

Seasonal Response of the Arctic Sea Ice to Meltwater Runoff from the Greenland Ice Sheet

Liang, X (Liang, Xi); Yang, K (Yang, Kang); Liu, CY (Liu, Chengyan); Li, XC (Li, Xichen); Lei, RB (Lei, Ruibo); Wu, XY (Wu, Xiangyu); Tian, ZX (Tian, Zhongxiang); Zhao, F (Zhao, Fu); Li, M (Li, Ming); Liu, N (Liu, Na); Huang, JY (Huang, Jiaying); Yuan, Y (Yuan, Ye)

Abstract

Meltwater runoff from the Greenland ice sheet (GrIS) has been increasing since the early 1990s, which has exerted widespread influences on local and remote systems. Most previous studies have emphasized the influences of the GrIS meltwater runoff on global climate, the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation, and sea level rise. In this study, we focus on the seasonal response of the Arctic sea ice to the GrIS meltwater runoff in a regional high-resolution Arctic Ocean-sea ice coupled model. It is found that the GrIS meltwater runoff induces a southward expansion of wintertime sea ice extent in the Labrador Sea. The GrIS meltwater runoff leads to more sea ice in autumn and less sea ice in spring-summer in the Nordic seas. In the central Arctic Ocean deep basin area, the GrIS meltwater runoff causes less sea ice area in the Canadian Basin and more sea ice area in the Eurasian and Makarov Basins in summer, while less sea ice volume in the Canadian Basin annually and more sea ice volume in the Eurasian and Makarov Basins during winter-summer. Studies have suggested that the GrIS meltwater runoff is projected to increase under the Arctic amplification. This work indicates that the GrIS meltwater runoff at the southern Greenland coast could impact the Canadian Basin sea ice quickly and strongly in the future.

Source

JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL OCEANOGRAPHY

Volume56Issue10Page2363-2389

DOI10.1175/JPO-D-26-0025.1

2026年11月

Mesozoic Tethyan climate evolution and preconditioning for marine deoxygenation

Wu, S (Wu, Sheng); Hu, YY (Hu, Yongyun); Cui, Q (Cui, Qi); Zhang, J (Zhang, Jian)

Abstract

The Mesozoic Tethys Ocean hosted widespread organic-rich deposition. However, proxy records come from only a few sites, and previous simulations have focused on individual oceanic anoxic events (OAEs) or a few time slices. Here, using 19 equilibrium palaeoclimate simulations with the fully coupled Community Earth System Model (CESM), we characterize the long-term evolution of the Tethys Ocean from 250 to 70 Ma. Tethyan warm-pool sea surface temperature was highest in the Triassic (similar to 33 degrees C), decreased to a Jurassic minimum (similar to 30 degrees C), and recovered in the Cretaceous (similar to 32.5 degrees C), while the equator-to-mid-latitude SST gradient varied broadly in antiphase. As Pangaea broke up, the surface circulation fragmented from a relatively coherent large-scale structure into local cells, while the decline in signed regional-mean precipitation seasonality reflected both a modest weakening of local seasonal amplitude and stronger spatial cancellation. Ideal age indicates intermediate and deep waters in the Cretaceous were generally renewed more slowly, forming a background state more susceptible to oxygen depletion. The slower renewal of Tethyan intermediate and deep waters is associated with stronger upper-ocean stratification and is further conditioned by changes in basin connectivity and water-mass pathways. The global Eulerian overturning circulation varies non-monotonically and is therefore treated as a background diagnostic rather than a direct proxy for regional Tethyan ventilation. Furthermore, modeled upwelling in the Tethys Ocean was generally strong in the Cretaceous, which, together with sluggish circulation, created conditions more prone to anoxia than in the Triassic and Jurassic. Our findings provide a basis for understanding the spatiotemporal pattern of Tethyan anoxia.

Source

PALAEOGEOGRAPHY PALAEOCLIMATOLOGY PALAEOECOLOGY

Volume702

DOI10.1016/j.palaeo.2026.114199

2026年11月

Anomalous thermocline warming in the western North Atlantic Subtropical Gyre during Marine Isotope Stage 8

Pang, XL (Pang, Xiaolei); Voelker, AHL (Voelker, Antje H. L.); Dang, HW (Dang, Haowen); Lu, SH (Lu, Sihua); Ding, X (Ding, Xuan)

Abstract

The North Atlantic Subtropical Gyre (NASTG) plays a key role in regulating upper-ocean heat transport and redistribution in the North Atlantic, yet its variability across glacial-interglacial cycles remains poorly constrained. Here, we reconstruct changes in western NASTG thermal structure over the last 340 ka at ODP Site 994C using paired Mg/Ca-derived temperatures from the surface-dwelling Globigerinoides ruber and thermoclinedwelling Globoconella inflata. We use Delta T, defined as the difference between sea surface temperature and thermocline water temperature, as a first-order indicator of thermocline-depth variability and NASTG strength. Our records reveal MIS 8 as the most anomalous glacial interval of the last 340 ka. Surface waters remained unusually warm, while thermocline waters reached interglacial-like, and locally even higher, temperatures. Accordingly, Delta T attained its record minimum during MIS 8, indicating exceptional thermocline deepening and intensified NASTG circulation. This anomaly cannot be explained by ice-sheet-driven wind stress forcing alone, because Northern Hemisphere ice sheets were comparatively limited during MIS 8. Instead, its close correspondence with reduced Northern Component Water percentages suggests that AMOC weakening was a primary driver. We propose that reduced overturning strengthened the meridional temperature gradient and mid-latitude westerlies, thereby intensifying wind-driven gyre circulation, while reduced northward heat export favored warm-water accumulation within the western NASTG. These findings highlight an AMOC-driven pathway for NASTG intensification and identify the western subtropical gyre as a dynamic reservoir of heat during weakened overturning states.

Source

PALAEOGEOGRAPHY PALAEOCLIMATOLOGY PALAEOECOLOGY

Volume702

DOI10.1016/j.palaeo.2026.114198