Capturing Pluto's Heartbeat in a Computer
Unprecedented global climate model simulations, incorporating observational data from the New Horizons mission, reveal atmospheric circulations driven by a large ice cap on Pluto.
SOURCE: Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets
The figure shows the zonal winds in the upper atmosphere of Pluto as a function of season for three Pluto years. Color shading and black contours show the (zonal mean) zonal wind speed (m/s: positive values are westerlies; negative values are easterlies). The dominating blue color reveals that a retro-rotating atmosphere prevails practically throughout Pluto's year. The black solid line indicates the latitude of the subsolar point and its position during the New Horizons encounter is shown by the black circle. Credit: Bertrand et al. [2020], Figure 9
Pluto has a 1 pascal nitrogen atmosphere, so its pressure is 1/100,000 of the pressure of the Earth's atmosphere, or less than a percent of that of Mars' atmosphere. This world was visited by the New Horizons mission in a fly-by in 2015, and recently, very sophisticated climate model simulations were performed to study its atmosphere.
Despite its thinness, Pluto's atmosphere hosts very active circulations driven by the very faint solar input at the distance of, on average, 40 times the Sun-Earth distance. These circulations are also strongly affected by the surface properties of the dwarf planet. Near the equator, the Sputnik Planitia basin hosts a large nitrogen ice cap that forms a part of the heart-shaped bright feature in visible images from the New Horizons mission.
According to Bertrand et al. [2020], a recent global climate modeling study benefiting from data from New Horizons, this ice cap drives an oscillating circulation in Pluto's atmosphere, reminiscent of a heartbeat synchronized to Pluto's day. The winds are driven by the flow caused by the night-day variations of condensation and sublimation (direct phase transition from ice to vapor) of this nitrogen ice cap, and the spiraling directions of these winds are controlled by the local topography. The same condensation-sublimation flow also drives an atmospheric retro-rotation higher up, where the atmosphere turns in the opposite direction compared to the solid body.
In addition to the general circulation of the atmosphere, the model was used to investigate the possible atmospheric mechanisms at play in creating some of the intriguing features on Pluto's surface revealed by imaging from the New Horizons mission.
Citation: Bertrand, T., Forget, F., White, O., Schmitt, B., Stern, S. A., Weaver, H., et al. [2020]. Pluto's beating heart regulates the atmospheric circulation: Results from high‐resolution and multiyear numerical climate simulations. Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets, 125, e2019JE006120. https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JE006120
—Anni Määttänen, Editor, JGR: Planets
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